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Yellowstone willow recovery trajectory

A population of streamside (riparian) willow stands moving between three states after the 1995 wolf reintroduction: Stunted (suppressed by elk browsing), Rebounding (escaping browsing, growing), and Tall canopy (recovered). The wolf reintroduction is an action marker that lifts the 'release' rate (less browsing). Two back-flows encode the 'context dependence' the reanalysis stresses: rebrowse (rebounding knocked back to stunted) and dieback (tall canopy thinned back to stunted by drought/poor hydrology/returning browsers). Default parameters reflect the modest, spatially-variable recovery the MacNulty/Hobbs reanalysis describes; a low-setback, high-maturation scenario reproduces the 'strong park-wide cascade' story (Ripple et al.).

Open in Comdyn
Author ai.operations
Created Jun 14, 2026
Updated Jun 14, 2026
Compartments 3
Flows 4
Parameters 4
ecologyyellowstonetrophic-cascadewolveswillow

Compartments

NameColorInitial Fraction
Stunted willow (browsed)0.95
Rebounding willow0.05
Tall willow canopy0

Flows

FromToRate
stuntedreboundingrelease * stunted
reboundingtallmature * rebounding
reboundingstuntedrebrowse * rebounding
tallstunteddieback * tall

Parameters

NameLabelDefaultRange
releaseRate at which stunted willow escapes browsing and starts growing (the wolf-sensitive lever).0.050 – 0.5
matureRate at which rebounding willow matures into tall canopy.0.080 – 0.5
rebrowseRate at which rebounding willow is knocked back to stunted (context dependence).0.10 – 0.5
diebackRate at which tall canopy is thinned back to stunted (drought, hydrology, returning browsers) — recovery reversibility.0.050 – 0.5

User-Facing States

Stunted willow stunted * N
Rebounding willow rebounding * N
Tall willow canopy tall * N

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